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Plants generally struggle in extreme heat. But researchers have now uncovered how a specific shrub thrives in one of the world’s hottest and driest environments, offering potential insights into future climate resilience.
Known as Arizona sweetflower, or Tidestromia oblongifolia, this hardy shrub flourishes in the southwestern United States, including Death Valley, California, where summer temperatures frequently reach 49 degrees Celsius (120 degrees Fahrenheit). The region receives an average of just 5 centimeters (2 inches) of rainfall annually. Despite these harsh conditions, the plant not only survives but actively produces flowers.
This resilience has long intrigued botanists and agricultural scientists, prompting questions about whether the plant holds the key to adapting to rising global temperatures. Understanding how organisms cope with extreme environments is increasingly critical as climate change accelerates.
A study published November 7 in the journal Current Biology reveals that the Arizona sweetflower fundamentally reorganizes its internal structure when faced with heat stress. The plant develops smaller leaves, and at a microscopic level, its mitochondria and chloroplasts – the structures responsible for energy production and photosynthesis within each cell – move closer together. Remarkably, the chloroplasts, normally oval-shaped, even take on a cup-like form, according to reports.
Since photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light to create food, these internal “rearrangements” appear to be crucial for maintaining productivity in conditions where other plants would exceed their heat tolerance, researchers explain. The ability to maintain photosynthetic efficiency under stress is a key factor in plant survival.
Thousands of genes are involved in orchestrating these changes. As a result, even when exposed to extreme heat created in a laboratory setting, the plant expanded its “photosynthetic comfort zone,” according to a statement from Michigan State University. In other words, it can continue photosynthesizing at high temperatures more effectively than any other known plant. While the purpose of some of these changes remains unclear, scientists note they are unique within the plant kingdom. The plant has been of interest to researchers for some time, and its adaptations could have implications for agriculture, as noted in previous studies.
