The varying ways people experience the common cold – from severe symptoms to a simple runny nose – has to do with a complex interplay of factors, including immune system strength, exposure levels, and even the health of nasal passages, according to immunologist Marjolein van Egmond.
Currently, the Netherlands is experiencing its annual cold and flu season, with many individuals reporting symptoms of both common colds and influenza. While a cold is typically caused by rhinoviruses – among over 200 different viruses – the flu is caused by the influenza virus and can lead to more serious illness, including high fever, muscle and headache pain, and prolonged fatigue. Vulnerable seniors are at risk of hospitalization or even death, which is why vaccination is recommended for this group.
Several factors determine how often someone catches a cold and how severely they experience it. A crucial element is the state of an individual’s immune system. Those recently ill, experiencing poor sleep, or under significant stress are more susceptible to infection. Exposure likewise plays a significant role; individuals with frequent contact with others – particularly children in daycare or elementary school settings – are more likely to contract viruses and bring them home. Crowded public spaces, such as trams, also increase the risk of transmission.
The condition of the nasal lining also influences how easily viruses enter the body. Smoking can irritate the nasal lining, increasing vulnerability. Understanding these factors is vital for public health as it highlights the diverse ways respiratory viruses impact individuals.
To reduce the risk of infection, experts recommend a healthy lifestyle – including a balanced diet, sufficient sleep, and regular exercise – to strengthen the immune system. Practicing excellent hand hygiene, maintaining physical distance, and wearing a mask when extra caution is needed can limit the spread of viruses. Individuals experiencing severe cold symptoms should stay home or work remotely when possible. For older adults and those with underlying health conditions, the annual flu vaccine remains a vital protective measure.
The information presented here is consistent with current understanding of respiratory virus transmission and immune response, and emphasizes the importance of preventative measures.
